All energy consumed by biological systems ultimately comes from light energy trapped in reduced carbon skeletons by the process of photosynthesis.
This simple net reaction is catalyzed by a very complex enzyme machinery in plants and photosynthetic bacteria. Photosynthesis traps light to convert photon energy into chemical energy in a process reminiscent of oxidative phosphorylation. This membrane bound process is referred to as light reaction and depends on an electron transfer chain powered by reducing equivalents extracted from water. The chemical energy produced - ATP and NADPH - is used for for the synthesis of carbohydrates by carbon fixation
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